途中で立ち寄ったラクチ遺跡。
遺跡の入口でお土産を売っていたおばさん。焼き物のお皿を買った。
La Rayaというこの峠は、標高4,335メートル。富士山より557メートルも高い。
プーノの町に入る前、バスはプカラ村に着いた。ここには小さいながらも博物館がある。周囲を歩いていたら、少女が家から出てきた。彼女の家で飼っているらしいわんこも出てきた。
クスコのホテルの部屋にあった掲示。
日本語は、少しヘンな機械翻訳をそのまま載せているかんじ。でもその場所(ホテルのバスルーム)で読めば、意味は分かるはず。
日本語の表記がなければ、おおかたの日本人客は注目すらしないだろう。正確さより伝えたいという意志が大切だと教えてくれる。
コロンバスサークルのタイムワーナー・センターから撮影 |
以前、近くのサイクルショップで自転車を購入したとき、盗難用にどんな鍵をつけようか迷った。ニューヨークに来て日も浅かったので、どのくらい頑丈な鍵が必要なのか想像がつかなかったのだ。
ショップのお兄さんにあるだけの種類を出してもらった。「どこが違うの?」という僕の質問にたいして彼は順番に1つずつ手に取り、「これは15分、これは1時間、これは半日、これは3日」と説明してくれた。彼が言うところの、ニューヨークの街中で被害に遭うまでの時間の目安である。
その時間が長い分だけ、鍵は頑丈なものに(そして重たく)なり、価格も高くなる。
写真の自転車にかけられた鍵は、その日の説明によれば3日間、つまり一番丈夫だと説明されたものだった。どうりで、自転車にかけられた鍵そのものは壊されてはいなかったけど・・・。
使用されなかったチケット |
6月公演の「お気に召すまま」 |
ファイナンシャルタイムズ、2012年7月30日 |
公園の階段を観客席に、テラスを舞台に、そして周りの緑を舞台背景に無料の野外劇をやっていた。たまたま通りかかった散歩客が、芝居をしている間を通り抜けていったりする。
大津市で中学生が自殺したニュースは、実にやりきれない思いにさせられる。
事件が起こった後に学校長や教師が行った生徒たちに対する口止め。大津市狂育委員会の隠蔽、言い訳、自己保身。親が何度も相談に行ったにもかかわらず、まともに対応しようとしなかった本来の仕事を忘れている無責任な警察。
これらにべたべたの蜘蛛の巣のような、いかにも日本的な組織の特質を感じるのは僕だけだろうか。陰湿ないじめを集団で執拗に行っておきながら「遊びのつもりだった」と言い放つ中学生の気持ち悪さ。人が死んでいるのだよ。
今日、米国のコ
ロラド州で大量射殺という事件が起こった。封切られたばかりの The Dark Night
Rises(バットマン・シリーズ)を上映している映画館内で24歳の男が突然 "I am the
Joker"と叫んでライフル、ショットガン、ハンドガンを乱射し、観客12人が死亡、50人あまりが負傷した。
こちらも「またか」との思いが頭をよぎ
る。日本人からすれば、いいかげんに銃規制をきちんと整備すべきだと感じるのだが、米国の友人はこの国では銃の問題は複雑すぎて簡単には変わらないと言う。これまたやりきれない。
銃規制についての声も上がっている一方で、銃には銃で対応すべきという意見もある。テキサス州選出のある共和党議員は、この事件について「なぜ映画館にいた他の観客が銃を持っていなかったのか不思議でならない。もしそうだったら、もっと早くこの惨事を止められたのに」と述べている。
銃を持った他の客が、その場で応戦して撃ち殺せばよかったということか。呆れた理屈である。こうしたところに、米国の危うさを感じる。
What must be admitted – very painfully – is that this was a disaster “Made in Japan.”今回の災害を"Made in Japan" と表現し、その根底に日本文化に根ざした慣習があったとしている。「根っこのところに、われわれ(日本人)の反射的な従順さ、権力者を疑問視したがらない態度、「計画を守り通す」ことへのこだわり、集団主義、島国根性があった」という分析は、日本社会の特性としてはその通りだけど、それが今回の事故のルーツだと結論づけられると、一般的すぎて次に何もつながらない気がする。
Its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained conventions of Japanese culture: our reflexive obedience; our reluctance to question authority; our devotion to ‘sticking with the program’; our groupism; and our insularity.
Had other Japanese been in the shoes of those who bear responsibility for this accident, the result may well have been the same.
'Ingrained' culture conventions blamed ; Tepco accused of 'wilful negligence'この記事が掲載された数日後、同紙に日本政治の専門家であるジェラルド・カーティス(コロンビア大教授)が、'Stop blaming Fukushima on Japan's Culture' と題する以下のコメントを寄せた。
The chairman of an investigation ordered by Japan's parliament into the Fukushima nuclear disaster has declared that it was a crisis "made in Japan" resulting from the "ingrained conventions of Japanese culture".
Kiyoshi Kurokawa, chairman of the Diet's Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, said the crisis was the result of "a multitude of errors and wilful negligence" by plant operator Tokyo Electric Power, regulators and the government.
In an English language summary of the commission's final report, Mr Kurokawa blamed the plant's failure on "our reflexive obedience; our reluctance to question authority; our devotion to 'sticking with programme'; our groupism; and our insularity".
He added: "What must be admitted - very painfully - is that this was a disaster 'made in Japan'.
"Had other Japanese been in the shoes of those who bear responsibility for this accident, the result [might] well have been the same."
In his preface to the Japanese version of the report, however, Mr Kurokawa offered a more measured critique of the cultural background to the crisis, blaming the mindset created by postwar effective one-party rule, seniority systems and lifetime employment rather than the nation's culture as a whole.
Mr Kurokawa's commission is leading one of three investigations into the failure of Fukushima Daiichi, which suffered multiple reactor meltdowns and hydrogen explosions after its safety systems were knocked out by the earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan's north-east coast on March 11, 2011.
A government-commissioned group issued an interim report in December and plans a final one this summer, while a separate committee established by an independent foundation concluded its investigation in February. All three have criticised the failure to prevent or prepare for such a crisis and its handling by Tepco, politicians and bureaucrats, although they differ on substantive details and none of the accounts is likely to be seen as definitive.
Other members of Mr Kurokawa's commission included a former diplomat, two lawyers, a chemist, a seismologist and a science journalist. Their report criticises regulators that colluded with utilities to reduce the burden of safety measures, inadequate government emergency planning, poor communication and decision-making by Tepco and bureaucrats and an ad hoc response to the disaster by Naoto Kan, Japan's then-prime minister. The report in effect accuses Tepco of covering up possible earthquake damage to Daiichi.
It cites plant worker accounts as suggesting the tremor may have disrupted cooling systems. Tepco's explanation for some actions after the earthquake is "irrational" and its overall insistence that only the tsunami caused critical damage is "an attempt to avoid responsibility", the commission's report says.
The claim that the earthquake may have caused a lot of damage is likely to fuel resistance to restarting other nuclear reactors in Japan that have been judged at lower risk of tsunami but which are located near seismic faults.
Tepco, which had for decades promised the public its plants were safe against any seismic event, says it was the unforeseen scale of the tsunami that caused the crisis and that it responded appropriately.
Asked on state TV about the Diet report, Naomi Hirose, Tepco president, said he had not yet read it.
カーティスは委員会(正確には委員長の黒川だけど)が、事故の責任の根幹を「日本文化にある」と表現し、責任を負うべき者を明確にしようとしていない点を指摘している。原子力村が抱える文化は決して独自なものではないとし、リーマンブラザーズの破綻がきっかけで発生した経済危機を例に、今回の原発事故の原因が公共の利益より企業の利益を優先させる会社中心の「日本文化」だとするなら、「われわれはみな日本人である」と断じている。More than a year has passed since tragedy struck the Tohoku region of Japan. A huge earthquake and tsunami left 20,000 people dead and missing, hundreds of thousands homeless, and resulted in a nuclear accident at Fukushima that ranks with Chernobyl among the worst ever.The tragedy cried out for a rapid policy response: the government failed to meet this challenge. The authorities’ incompetence is chronicled in the report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Commission released this month. Its sobering conclusion is that this was not a natural disaster but “a profoundly manmade disaster – that could and should have been foreseen and prevented. Its effects could have been mitigated by a more effective human response.”The report documents the failings of Tepco, the power company that ran the Fukushima plant, the bureaucracy with regulatory responsibility for the nuclear industry and the government of prime minister Naoto Kan. It describes a culture of collusion inside Japan’s “nuclear village” that put the interests of power producers ahead of public safety and wilfully ignored the risks of a major nuclear accident in an earthquake prone country.But one searches in vain through these pages for anyone to blame. It “singles out numerous individuals and organisations for harsh criticism, but the goal is not to lay blame”. Why not? Because, the commission concludes, “this was a disaster ‘Made in Japan.’ Its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained conventions of Japanese culture: our reflexive obedience; our reluctance to question authority; our devotion to ‘sticking with the programme’; our groupism; and our insularity. Had other Japanese been in the shoes of those who bear responsibility for this accident, the result may well have been the same.”I beg to differ. Had Mr Kan not stormed into Tepco headquarters and tried to exercise some authority over the company’s executives, the situation might have been far worse. If Tepco had had a more competent president, its communications with the prime minister’s office would have been better. People matter: one of the heroes in the Fukushima story was Tepco’s Masao Yoshida, the plant manager who disobeyed orders not to use saltwater to cool the reactors. Incredibly, Tepco’s management initially clung to the hope the reactors might one day be brought back to operation, something that would be impossible once saltwater was injected into them.To pin the blame on culture is the ultimate cop-out. If culture explains behaviour, then no one has to take responsibility. This is indeed what the report concludes when it says that the results would have been the same even with others in charge.Culture does not explain Fukushima. People have autonomy to choose; at issue are the choices they make, not the cultural context in which they make them. If obedience to authority is such an ingrained trait in Japan, how then is it possible for a group of Japanese to write a report that not only questions but lambasts authority, anything but an example of reflexive obedience? The culture argument is specious.Prime Minister Noda promised to have a new independent nuclear regulatory commission up and running by April of this year. The parliament’s lower house finally passed a bill to do that just last week. The government has decided to go ahead and restart two nuclear reactors at a plant that services Osaka and surrounding areas despite widespread public opposition. But it is unlikely that any of Japan’s other 51 nuclear power reactors will be brought online until after the commission is established and new safety standards announced. Culture does not explain this painfully slow response; politics do.Those inside the Japanese nuclear village do share a particular culture but it is hardly uniquely Japanese. What jumps out from this report are the parallels between the manmade causes of and responses to Fukushima and the “culture” that led to the financial meltdown in the US after the Lehman Brothers collapse and that continues to resist meaningful reform and the pinning of responsibility for this manmade disaster on specific individuals.The Fukushima Commission report “found an organisation-driven mind-set that prioritised benefits to the organisation at the expense of the public.” Well, if that is Japanese culture, then we are all Japanese.